What were the various ways in which nationalism manifested itself in India during colonial rule?

Answer:

Indian nationalism under colonial rule was a many-sided phenomenon, expressing itself through political, economic, social, cultural and revolutionary channels.

Political Manifestations

• Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) and associations demanding rights and representation.
• Mass movements — Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience and Quit India — mobilising millions.

Economic Nationalism

• Critique of colonial exploitation — the "drain of wealth" (Naoroji), and demand for Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods.

Social and Cultural Nationalism

• Social reform and revivalist movements (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj) fostering self-respect.
• Vernacular literature, press, art and music expressing national pride ("Vande Mataram").

Revolutionary and Other Strands

• Revolutionary groups (Anushilan, Ghadar, HSRA) and the later INA.
• Peasant and worker movements, tribal revolts, and the Left added social depth.

Inclusive Yet Diverse

• Nationalism absorbed varied ideologies — liberal, Gandhian, socialist and revolutionary — into a broad anti-colonial front.

Therefore, Indian nationalism manifested itself through a rich variety of political, economic, cultural and revolutionary forms, giving the freedom struggle its mass and multi-dimensional character.